may have coat of arms labeled F135

Parents: Assumed to be Gyles CARTER, Esq. of Cold Aston and Lady Elizabeth TRACY (See note 1)
Born: about 1634, probably in Gloucestershire, England, To Virginia by 1653 (See note 2 )
Died: 1700/1, Henrico Co., VA

Giles was apparently literate; he signed his name to documents.

HANNAH
Parents: Three possibilities: James CREWES John ROWEN or William SEWELL (See note 3)
Born: I don't know when or where. She must have been younger than Giles, to have had a child after 1681.
Died: after 2 Apr 1702, when she probated Giles's will.

Hannah signed documents with the letter H or X

Marriage - Before 1670. They had at least three children by 1676.
[Did Giles have another wife before Hannah?]

Children (See note 4)

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

7 Apr 1653 Giles CARTER was a headright for a land grant of Wm. FRY on the Chichamony(sic) River [in James City Co.]
[I don't know when he was transported or if he was bonded for his transportation.]

1 May 1662 The will of John ROWEN of Henrico Co gives Giles CARTER a cow and the use for one year of a house and land on Rowen's Turkey Island estate. 2 John ROWEN was the stepfather? of Daniel and John PRICE; Daniel PRICE later married Susannah, daughter of Giles CARTER. One of the witnesses of this will was Margaret CREWS, daughter of Daniel LLEWELLYN and considered by some to have been the wife of James CREWES; if so, she must have died before 1676.

Before 1676 Apparently Giles CARTER was employed by, or associated with, Captain James CREWES who owned a large plantation in Henrico. Crewes was a merchant and acted as agent for Daniel LLEWELLYN
(Virginia Colonial Records, Vol. II, pages 8, 10, 22, 29, 50, etc.). CREWES became involved in Bacon's Rebellion and was sentenced to death and hanged on January 24, 1677.
(Minutes of the Council and General Court of VA, pages 455, 528) pp 34-40

23 Jul 1676 James CREWES' will was executed, and Giles CARTER presented it to Court. It was proved Dec. 10, 1677, but not entered until Aug. 2, 1680. By his will CREWES gave Mary, daughter of Giles CARTER, 10,000 pounds of tobacco and certain household goods, to be paid in three years after his decease, the interest hereof to be towards her clothing. Susan CARTER 10,000 pounds of tobacco and household goods, to be payd as above. Hannah, wife of Giles CARTER, a negro maid Kate. Giles CARTER all that Carter owed him and also the life use with his wife Hannah of the plantation where Carter lived on Turkey Island. The will also mentions Theodorick and the "rest of the children of Giles and Hannah." He left his best suits and coats to Daniel PRICE [who later married Susannah, daughter of Giles CARTER].

He gave all the balance of his estate to his cousin Mathew CREWES, who was named as executor. He mentioned neither a wife nor children. (Henrico County Wills and Deeds 1677-1692, page 137). p 54

10 Dec 1677 Giles CARTER brings the will of Capt. James CREWS, dec'd, to Court p 143 (Index to Colonial Records [D&W] 1677-1692, Vol. 1, p 30)

30 Apr 1679 Under "an act for the defence of the country against the incursion of the Indian Enemy" a tithe was levied to fit out men, horses, and arms. Giles CARTER of Turkey Island was listed with 6 tithes.(Order Book & Wills 1678-1693, pp 38/39) p 143 [This poll tax included the taxpayer, his sons, and his servants.]

Apr 1680 Deposition of Giles CARTER, aged about 46. p 143 (Order Book & Wills 1678-1693, p 57)

1679-1696 Many items, such as jury service, court appearances, estates, debts, etc. pp 143-147 5

28 Feb 1684 William COCKE recorded a deed for land sold to GilesCARTER. On Turkey Island Mill Run beginning at upper beaver dam. p 41

24 Aug 1684 - "Wm. RANDOLPH of Varina Parish, Henrico Co. Gent. from Giles CARTER & Hannah(X), his wife, of Parish & C. afsd. 20 pounds strl., 60 a. which was by the last will & testament of Capt. James CREWES (dated, 23 AUG 1676) given unto sd. Giles & Hannah CARTER being part of ye dividend of land or plantation at Turkey Island of which sd. Crewes died seized, wch. Tract of land or plantation is since purchd. by sd. Wm. Randolph of ye heir & exor. of Sd. Crews, decd. as by conveyance dated 24 Augt 1684. Recd. 1 April 1685 Vol. 3, p 1380 6 (Henrico Co. Records 1677-1691, p 302) [The Avant book (p 145) gives the date as 25 Feb 1684/5, and says 50 acres.]

25 Aug 1684 William RANDOLPH acquired the entire 500-acreplantation from the heirs of James CREWES in exchange for "three acres and fifteen pounds of lawful money of England."(Henrico Co. Records 1677-1691, p 303) Vol. 3, p 1380 6

15 Mar 1685? Deed from Wm. COCKE to Giles CARTER for 59 acres, between Wm. COCKE and his brother Jno. p 145 5

15 Mar 1685? Deposition of Robt BULLINGTON as to a game of dice in which Giles CARTER won 500 lbs. of tobacco from Chas.STEWARD p 145 5

4 Feb 1686 Upon the petition of Giles CARTER, one of ye surveyors of the highways, that he is ancient, weak and sickly and therefore uncapable of performing his sd. office. It is ordered that he be released and discharged from ye same. p 149 5 (Henrico Co Colonial Records, Vol. 2, p 229) [He would have been 52 years of age if he was born in 1634.]

1 Jun 1686 Payments to Giles CARTER as his legacy from the estate of James CREWES, dec'd p 146 (Henrico Co. Colonial Records [D&W] 1677-1692, Vol 1, p 369)

1 Jun 1687 The will of Wm. Humphrey decd. proved by oath of Capt. Wm. RANDOLPH,a witness thereto; & order for probat thereof granted Margarett, wife of Maurice FLOYD, ye Exectrx. therein named. Robt. POVALL & Jno.WATSON enter themselves securities. Giles CARTER, John ANOT, Robert POVALL & Danl. PRICE appointed appraisers of sd.estate. p. 1299

1 Jun 1687 Certificate granted to Giles CARTER for 800 acresof land for the importation of 16 persons. p 41

2l Oct 1687 Giles CARTER (along with Robert WOODSON, Richard FERRES/FERRIS, Wm. FERRIS & Roger CUMMINS) patented 1780 acres, Henrico Co., Verina Par., N. side of James Riv., at the White Oak Swamp.

About 1690 In a three-way division of the land after Wm FERRIS & Roger CUMMINS relinquished their part, Giles CARTER received about 552 acres. p 145 (Per Dawson, Deed Book 1688-97, p 126) [100 years after the granting of this patent, John CARTER, agrandson of Giles, in his will, gave to his son John, a piece of land at the White Oak Swamp] p 42

20 Sep 1692 Giles CARTER and Robert(X) POVALL, securities for Susanna PRICE's administrationon the estate of Danll. PRICE, dec'd. (Henrico Co. Records 1688-1697, p 356) Vol. III, p 1300)

1 Aug 1694 Giles CARTER, Senr. acknowledgeth a conveyance of 550 acres of land unto John COCKE; Hannah acknowledgeth her Right of Dower.
Same day John COCKE acknowledge conveyance of fifty acres to Giles CARTER.
Same day Giles CARTER acknowledged Deeds of Gift to his sons Theodorick and Giles.
(Henrico Colonial Record, Vol. 2, p 201) p 147

Same day Giles and Theodorick CARTER witness a deed of Richard COCKE, Jr. of Charles City Co to Thomas WILLIAMSON of Henrico Co. [Thomas was married to Giles' daughter Susannah before 1696.] (STANARD's Index to Colonial Deeds, Wills, etc., Henrico Co, 1688-1697, p 504) p 147
14 Sep 1699 Giles executed his will. He died in 1700/1.

2 Feb 1701/2 Hannah CARTER was granted probate of the will of her husband, Giles CARTER.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

2 Mar 1701 Theodorick CARTER sold to John PLEASANTS 50 acres on N. side of James River in Henrico County, which was given to him by his deceased father, Giles CARTER, and was adjoining his father's land on Turkey Island Run and known as the Low ground. p 149 (Henrico Co., VA Records, p 257)

10 Dec 1701 A deed was recorded at the court held at Varina for 550 acres sold by John COCKE to Thomas WILLIAMSON. The land was described as a parcel sold to COCKE by Giles CARTER, Sr. p 43

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *



NOTES

NOTE 1. The parentage of Giles has not been established by known records;

No will has been found for his assumed father. It is considered possible that he might be the son of Giles CARTER, who came from Gloucestershire to Virginia in 1621 on the ship SUPPLY and returned to England on the same ship. The 1621 voyage was organized through the Virginia Company by William TRACY, a cousin of Lady Elizabeth. pp 98-107 4 I have research reports that allege to trace the Carter and Tracy families far back into the Middle Ages.

NOTE 2. I wonder if his arrival in Virginia about 1653 was related to the political scene in England; 1653 was the beginning of the Cromwell years. During the preceding "Great Rebellion of 1642-48, Giles CARTER (his supposed father) was sequestered and compounded for 968 pounds, 17 shillings. p 104

NOTE 3. Most researchers consider that James CREWES was Hannah's father, based on the generosity of his 1676 will. In 1680 Crewes' niece and nephew challenged the will (declaring that Crewes died leaving neither a widow nor children). The challengers prevailed. (Henrico Co. Records 1677-1697, pp 302, 303, 306)

(More about James CREWES and a possible wife in Genealogies of VA Families, Wm. & Mary Quarterly, Vol. III, pp 216-218)

(More in Giles Carter of Virginia, pp 104/5, describing connections between CARTERs and CREWEs in Gloucestershire)

Researcher Leslie D. Dawson suggests that William T. SEWELL might be the father of Hannah, for the following reasons:

He volunteered as security (along with Theodorick CARTER) on 1 June 1696 for an estate matter by Susanna, daughter of Giles I. p 494 (Henrico Co. Order Book 1694-1701, p 110)

He gave a horse to the child, Giles II, before 1699;
He was a witness to the 1699 will of Giles I;
He was chosen by Giles II as his guardian in 1704;
(Henrico Co. Wills and Deeds 1697-1704, pp 256 & 279)
(Henrico Co. Orphan's Court Book 1677-1739, p 91)

He chose Giles II as his sole heir and executor in 1725.
(Henrico Co. Wills and Deeds 1725-37, p 2)



NOTE 4. Their children named in James CREWES' 1676 will were Mary, Susan, and Theodorick CARTER.

Children named in Giles' 1699 will were: Theodorick Susannah, wife of Thos. WILLIAMSON Mary, wife of Thomas DAVIS Ann, wife of James DAVIS Giles, under 18 years old [Note: Susannah was previously married to Daniel PRICE.]

[Leslie D. Dawson says there was another son, William, who died in 1743 in King George County, VA (Will Book A-1, p 164; Order Book 2, p 369; Inventory #1, p 313)]
From:
Giles Carter came to Virginia with his uncle and aunt, William and Mary Tracy, his first cousins, Joyce and Thomas Tracy. They sailed on the ship Supply out of Bristol,England destined for Berkely Hundred on 9/25/1620. After the massacre of the settlers by Indians in 1620, Giles with his cousin Thomas Tracy returned to England. Giles' cousin,Joyce and her husband Captain William Powell were killed in the massacre. Giles remained in England, but his son Giles and his wife Hannah returned to Virginia. Giles Carter came to Virginia with Willam Tracy, his uncle,and Mary, Tracys wife, their daughter Joyce their son, Thomas Tracy, 1st cousins, Giles and Alexander Broadway. They sailed on the Supply out of Bristol, destined for Berkely Hundred on the 25, September 1620. After the massacre of 1622 Giles with his cousin Thomas Tracy, returned to England. Giles Carter's 1st cousin and the sister of Thomas Tracy. Joyce and her husband , Captain William Powell, were killed during the Indian massacre. Giles Carter remained in England, but his son Giles Carter, Jr. returned with his wife, Hannah, to Virginia.

may have coat of arms labeled F135

Parents: Assumed to be Gyles CARTER, Esq. of Cold Aston and Lady Elizabeth TRACY (See note 1)
Born: about 1634, probably in Gloucestershire, England, To Virginia by 1653 (See note 2 )
Died: 1700/1, Henrico Co., VA

Giles was apparently literate; he signed his name to documents.

HANNAH
Parents: Two possibilities: James CREWES or William SEWELL (See note 3)
Born: I don't know when or where. She must have been younger than Giles, to have had a child after 1681.
Died: after 2 Apr 1702, when she probated Giles's will.

Hannah signed documents with the letter H or X

Marriage - Before 1670. They had at least three children by 1676.
[Did Giles have another wife before Hannah?]

Children (See note 4)

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

7 Apr 1653 Giles CARTER was a headright for a land grant of Wm. FRY on the Chichamony(sic) River [in James City Co.]
[I don't know when he was transported or if he was bonded for his transportation.]

1 May 1662 The will of John ROWEN of Henrico Co gives Giles CARTER a cow and the use for one year of a house and land on Rowen's Turkey Island estate. 2 John ROWEN was the stepfather? of Daniel and John PRICE; Daniel PRICE later married Susannah, daughter of Giles CARTER. One of the witnesses of this will was Margaret CREWS, daughter of Daniel LLEWELLYN and considered by some to have been the wife of James CREWES; if so, she must have died before 1676.

Before 1676 Apparently Giles CARTER was employed by, or associated with, Captain James CREWES who owned a large plantation in Henrico. Crewes was a merchant and acted as agent for Daniel LLEWELLYN
(Virginia Colonial Records, Vol. II, pages 8, 10, 22, 29, 50, etc.). CREWES became involved in Bacon's Rebellion and was sentenced to death and hanged on January 24, 1677.
(Minutes of the Council and General Court of VA, pages 455, 528) pp 34-40

23 Jul 1676 James CREWES' will was executed, and Giles CARTER presented it to Court. It was proved Dec. 10, 1677, but not entered until Aug. 2, 1680. By his will CREWES gave Mary, daughter of Giles CARTER, 10,000 pounds of tobacco and certain household goods, to be paid in three years after his decease, the interest hereof to be towards her clothing. Susan CARTER 10,000 pounds of tobacco and household goods, to be payd as above. Hannah, wife of Giles CARTER, a negro maid Kate. Giles CARTER all that Carter owed him and also the life use with his wife Hannah of the plantation where Carter lived on Turkey Island. The will also mentions Theodorick and the "rest of the children of Giles and Hannah." He left his best suits and coats to Daniel PRICE [who later married Susannah, daughter of Giles CARTER].

He gave all the balance of his estate to his cousin Mathew CREWES, who was named as executor. He mentioned neither a wife nor children. (Henrico County Wills and Deeds 1677-1692, page 137). p 54

10 Dec 1677 Giles CARTER brings the will of Capt. James CREWS, dec'd, to Court p 143 (Index to Colonial Records [D&W] 1677-1692, Vol. 1, p 30)

30 Apr 1679 Under "an act for the defence of the country against the incursion of the Indian Enemy" a tithe was levied to fit out men, horses, and arms. Giles CARTER of Turkey Island was listed with 6 tithes.(Order Book & Wills 1678-1693, pp 38/39) p 143 [This poll tax included the taxpayer, his sons, and his servants.]

Apr 1680 Deposition of Giles CARTER, aged about 46. p 143 (Order Book & Wills 1678-1693, p 57)

1679-1696 Many items, such as jury service, court appearances, estates, debts, etc. pp 143-147 5

28 Feb 1684 William COCKE recorded a deed for land sold to GilesCARTER. On Turkey Island Mill Run beginning at upper beaver dam. p 41

24 Aug 1684 - "Wm. RANDOLPH of Varina Parish, Henrico Co. Gent. from Giles CARTER & Hannah(X), his wife, of Parish & C. afsd. 20 pounds strl., 60 a. which was by the last will & testament of Capt. James CREWES (dated, 23 AUG 1676) given unto sd. Giles & Hannah CARTER being part of ye dividend of land or plantation at Turkey Island of which sd. Crewes died seized, wch. Tract of land or plantation is since purchd. by sd. Wm. Randolph of ye heir & exor. of Sd. Crews, decd. as by conveyance dated 24 Augt 1684. Recd. 1 April 1685 Vol. 3, p 1380 6 (Henrico Co. Records 1677-1691, p 302) [The Avant book (p 145) gives the date as 25 Feb 1684/5, and says 50 acres.]

25 Aug 1684 William RANDOLPH acquired the entire 500-acreplantation from the heirs of James CREWES in exchange for "three acres and fifteen pounds of lawful money of England."(Henrico Co. Records 1677-1691, p 303) Vol. 3, p 1380 6

15 Mar 1685? Deed from Wm. COCKE to Giles CARTER for 59 acres, between Wm. COCKE and his brother Jno. p 145 5

15 Mar 1685? Deposition of Robt BULLINGTON as to a game of dice in which Giles CARTER won 500 lbs. of tobacco from Chas.STEWARD p 145 5

4 Feb 1686 Upon the petition of Giles CARTER, one of ye surveyors of the highways, that he is ancient, weak and sickly and therefore uncapable of performing his sd. office. It is ordered that he be released and discharged from ye same. p 149 5 (Henrico Co Colonial Records, Vol. 2, p 229) [He would have been 52 years of age if he was born in 1634.]

1 Jun 1686 Payments to Giles CARTER as his legacy from the estate of James CREWES, dec'd p 146 (Henrico Co. Colonial Records [D&W] 1677-1692, Vol 1, p 369)

1 Jun 1687 The will of Wm. Humphrey decd. proved by oath of Capt. Wm. RANDOLPH,a witness thereto; & order for probat thereof granted Margarett, wife of Maurice FLOYD, ye Exectrx. therein named. Robt. POVALL & Jno.WATSON enter themselves securities. Giles CARTER, John ANOT, Robert POVALL & Danl. PRICE appointed appraisers of sd.estate. p. 1299

1 Jun 1687 Certificate granted to Giles CARTER for 800 acresof land for the importation of 16 persons. p 41

2l Oct 1687 Giles CARTER (along with Robert WOODSON, Richard FERRES/FERRIS, Wm. FERRIS & Roger CUMMINS) patented 1780 acres, Henrico Co., Verina Par., N. side of James Riv., at the White Oak Swamp.

About 1690 In a three-way division of the land after Wm FERRIS & Roger CUMMINS relinquished their part, Giles CARTER received about 552 acres. p 145 (Per Dawson, Deed Book 1688-97, p 126) [100 years after the granting of this patent, John CARTER, agrandson of Giles, in his will, gave to his son John, a piece of land at the White Oak Swamp] p 42

20 Sep 1692 Giles CARTER and Robert(X) POVALL, securities for Susanna PRICE's administrationon the estate of Danll. PRICE, dec'd. (Henrico Co. Records 1688-1697, p 356) Vol. III, p 1300)

1 Aug 1694 Giles CARTER, Senr. acknowledgeth a conveyance of 550 acres of land unto John COCKE; Hannah acknowledgeth her Right of Dower.
Same day John COCKE acknowledge conveyance of fifty acres to Giles CARTER.
Same day Giles CARTER acknowledged Deeds of Gift to his sons Theodorick and Giles.
(Henrico Colonial Record, Vol. 2, p 201) p 147

Same day Giles and Theodorick CARTER witness a deed of Richard COCKE, Jr. of Charles City Co to Thomas WILLIAMSON of Henrico Co. [Thomas was married to Giles' daughter Susannah before 1696.] (STANARD's Index to Colonial Deeds, Wills, etc., Henrico Co, 1688-1697, p 504) p 147
14 Sep 1699 Giles executed his will. He died in 1700/1.

2 Feb 1701/2 Hannah CARTER was granted probate of the will of her husband, Giles CARTER.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

2 Mar 1701 Theodorick CARTER sold to John PLEASANTS 50 acres on N. side of James River in Henrico County, which was given to him by his deceased father, Giles CARTER, and was adjoining his father's land on Turkey Island Run and known as the Low ground. p 149 (Henrico Co., VA Records, p 257)

10 Dec 1701 A deed was recorded at the court held at Varina for 550 acres sold by John COCKE to Thomas WILLIAMSON. The land was described as a parcel sold to COCKE by Giles CARTER, Sr. p 43

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *



NOTES

NOTE 1. The parentage of Giles has not been established by known records;

No will has been found for his assumed father. It is considered possible that he might be the son of Giles CARTER, who came from Gloucestershire to Virginia in 1621 on the ship SUPPLY and returned to England on the same ship. The 1621 voyage was organized through the Virginia Company by William TRACY, a cousin of Lady Elizabeth. pp 98-107 4 I have research reports that allege to trace the Carter and Tracy families far back into the Middle Ages.

NOTE 2. I wonder if his arrival in Virginia about 1653 was related to the political scene in England; 1653 was the beginning of the Cromwell years. During the preceding "Great Rebellion of 1642-48, Giles CARTER (his supposed father) was sequestered and compounded for 968 pounds, 17 shillings. p 104

NOTE 3. Most researchers consider that James CREWES was Hannah's father, based on the generosity of his 1676 will. In 1680 Crewes' niece and nephew challenged the will (declaring that Crewes died leaving neither a widow nor children). The challengers prevailed. (Henrico Co. Records 1677-1697, pp 302, 303, 306)

(More about James CREWES and a possible wife in Genealogies of VA Families, Wm. & Mary Quarterly, Vol. III, pp 216-218)

(More in Giles Carter of Virginia, pp 104/5, describing connections between CARTERs and CREWEs in Gloucestershire)

Researcher Leslie D. Dawson suggests that William T. SEWELL might be the father of Hannah, for the following reasons:

He volunteered as security (along with Theodorick CARTER) on 1 June 1696 for an estate matter by Susanna, daughter of Giles I. p 494 (Henrico Co. Order Book 1694-1701, p 110)

He gave a horse to the child, Giles II, before 1699;
He was a witness to the 1699 will of Giles I;
He was chosen by Giles II as his guardian in 1704;
(Henrico Co. Wills and Deeds 1697-1704, pp 256 & 279)
(Henrico Co. Orphan's Court Book 1677-1739, p 91)

He chose Giles II as his sole heir and executor in 1725.
(Henrico Co. Wills and Deeds 1725-37, p 2)



NOTE 4. Their children named in James CREWES' 1676 will were Mary, Susan, and Theodorick CARTER.

Children named in Giles' 1699 will were: Theodorick Susannah, wife of Thos. WILLIAMSON Mary, wife of Thomas DAVIS Ann, wife of James DAVIS Giles, under 18 years old [Note: Susannah was previously married to Daniel PRICE.]

[Leslie D. Dawson says there was another son, William, who died in 1743 in King George County, VA (Will Book A-1, p 164; Order Book 2, p 369; Inventory #1, p 313)]
From:
Giles Carter came to Virginia with his uncle and aunt, William and Mary Tracy, his first cousins, Joyce and Thomas Tracy. They sailed on the ship Supply out of Bristol,England destined for Berkely Hundred on 9/25/1620. After the massacre of the settlers by Indians in 1620, Giles with his cousin Thomas Tracy returned to England. Giles' cousin,Joyce and her husband Captain William Powell were killed in the massacre. Giles remained in England, but his son Giles and his wife Hannah returned to Virginia. Giles Carter came to Virginia with Willam Tracy, his uncle,and Mary, Tracys wife, their daughter Joyce their son, Thomas Tracy, 1st cousins, Giles and Alexander Broadway. They sailed on the Supply out of Bristol, destined for Berkely Hundred on the 25, September 1620. After the massacre of 1622 Giles with his cousin Thomas Tracy, returned to England. Giles Carter's 1st cousin and the sister of Thomas Tracy. Joyce and her husband , Captain William Powell, were killed during the Indian massacre. Giles Carter remained in England, but his son Giles Carter, Jr. returned with his wife, Hannah, to Virginia.

Notes From: "Shawn Potter" <shpxlcp@home.com> 8/10/00 4:39 AM

Subject: Re: carter family
To: "james henkel" <jamesdh91790@yahoo.com>

James,

Here is the information you requested. After you have had a chance to
review it, I would be interested in your conclusions about the strength of
the evidence for supporting the conclusions I posted on genforum. Thanks.

Shawn
--------------------------------------------

On April 18, 1644, Opechancanough [Powhatan Emperor and uncle of Pocahontas]
staged the second major attack on the English [the first major attack
occurred in 1622]. Because of the poor survival rate of Virginia records of
the 1640s, we know little about the initial assault on the English or its
aftermath. By reconstruction, it seems that the Weyanocks, Nansemonds,
Pamunkeys, and Chickahominies were involved; the participation of the
Rappahannocks and other chiefdoms on the Northern Neck was questionable...
By March 1646 the Powhatans had all but lost the war ... The English
therefore decided to seek an "honorable," peace with the Indians, if
possible, and resume expanding their settlements and raising tobacco...
Hereafter, the fringe of the Powhatan ethnic identity was Anglicized
Indians, for after 1646 all the surviving Powhatan groups were inundated by
English settlers and left on separate islands of tribal territory... The
treaty of October 1646 stated from the outset that Necotowance [successor to
Opechancanough] held his dominions as a vassal of the king of England...
All English prisoners and "Negroes and guns" were to be returned by the
Indians, while Indian prisoners were not only to be kept by the English and
made into servants but were also to be returned to their masters if they ran
back to their people. Any Indian children aged twelve and under were
welcome to live among the English. (Helen C. Rountree, "Pocahontas's
People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia through Four Centuries," (Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press, 1990) pp. 84-87)

Powhatan youths who stayed long enough among the English could be expected
to form attachments and sexual liaisons with the people they met. The
English only recorded cases in which a female employee, Indian or otherwise
and not a slave, was impregnated, thus wronging her employer. But from
these few cases, we know that both men and women from the Powhatan towns did
form liaisons. However, the English partners steadfastly refused to marry
their Indian lovers. In fact, only three Powhatan-English marriages appear
in all the seventeenth century, one of them being that of Pocahontas and
John Rolfe [in 1614; and the other two being a Nansemond woman named
Elizabeth and John Bass in 1638, and an Indian servant named Sue and a
neighboring Englishman in 1688--Henrico County Orders 1678-1693, p. 277].
In 1691 such marriages became illegal. (Helen C. Rountree, "Powhatan
Foreign Relations: 1500-1722," (Charlottesville: University Press of
Virginia, 1993) pp. 201-202)

January 25, 1647/8. The court doth order that Formue, a girl bought from
the Indians and kept by Capt. William Taylor, shall serve the said Capt.
William Taylor till she comes to the age of 18 years. [This record
demonstrates the English practice of keeping Native American servants prior
to the approximate year of Hannah's birth--1652.] (York County, Virginia,
Deeds, Orders, and Wills, p. 329)

October 10, 1649. ACT XVII. It is enacted that in case any Indian do
dispose of his child to any person, or persons, whatsoever either for
education or instruction in Christian religion or for learning of the
English tongue or for what cause soever, such person, or persons, to whom
such child shall be disposed shall not assign or transfer such Indian child
to any other whatsoever upon any pretence of right to have or any time of
service due from him. and it is further enacted that such Indian child
shall be free and at his own disposing at the age of twenty-five years, and
this act to be in force from the date hereafter. (Warren M. Billings, "Some
Acts Not in Hening's Statutes: The Acts of Assembly, April 1652, November
1652, and July 1653," "The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,"
(Richmond: Virginia Historical Society), vol. lxxxiii, p. 64.) [From the
earliest days in Colonial Virginia, English settlers sought Native American
children to raise and educate--probably often for benevolent reasons; but as
Virginia's economy evolved from a system based upon the labor of
multi-ethnic indentured servants to a system based upon the labor of
non-white slaves, this system became destructive of Native Americans, both
individually and collectively.]

October 10, 1649. ACT XVIII. Whereas divers informations are taken notice
of by this Assembly of several persons who by their indirect practices have
corrupted some of the Indians to steal and convey away some other Indians'
children, and others who pretending to have bought or purchased Indians of
their parents, or some of their great men having violently or fraudulently
forced them away from them, to the great scandal of Christianity and of the
English nation, by such their perfidious dealings rendering religion
contemptible and the name of Englishmen odious to them, and may be of very
dangerous and important consequence to the colony if not timely prevented,
it is therefore enacted that no person, or persons, whatsoever shall dare or
presume, after the date of this act, to buy any Indian, or Indians vizt.,
from or of the English, and in case of complaint made that any person hath
transgressed this act, the truth thereof being proved, such person shall
return such Indian, or Indians, within ten days to the place from whence he
was taken. and it is further enacted that whosoever shall inform against
any person for breach of this act, and the information being found against
the party accused, the offender shall pay unto the informer 500 pounds of
tobacco to be recovered within any court of justice within the colony.
(Warren M. Billings, "Some Acts Not in Hening's Statutes," p. 64-65.)

December 1, 1652. James Crewes, merchant, now residing at ye house of one
Mr. Pratley, a (?) cooper, in Rudolph Lane near little Eastchipp, London,
aged 29 years or thereabouts, being produced as a witness on ye part and
behalf of ye complainant in this case was showed in person to Mr. Martyn in
Mr. Hale's office being ye clerk that deals for ye defendant in this case by
William Bamfort one of ye sworn clerks of my office who hath also left a
note of ye name, title, and place of abode of ye said deponent which ye said
Mr. Martyn and (?). Afterward ye same day and year aforesaid, ye said
deponent being sworn and examined deposes and saith:
1. That he about twice had seen ye complainant Mr. Martyn but has no
acquaintance with him and does not know any of ye places named in ye title
of ye (?) for debts in this case, but saith that he did know and was
acquainted with Francis Gyles the reputed son of Mary Gyles, of Boughton
Aluph in ye County of Kent in this (?) inquired of, was acquainted and did
know him for ye span of a year or thereabouts before he died.
2. That he does very well know that ye said Francis Gyles did live sometime
before he died (to whit) for ye span of one year and upwards in Virginia,
and that ye said Francis Gyles did about ye month of August or September
1651 die in a place called Jordan's in Virginia [i.e., Jordan's Journey,
Charles City County, Virginia] aforesaid and more deposes not (?) (?) (?).
James Crewes. (Chancery Records-Town Deposition, Virginia Colonial Records
Project, Survey Report Number 10005, Virginia State Library) [This
deposition demonstrates that James Crewes was present in Charles City
County, Virginia, before the approximate year of Hannah's birth--1652.]

August 10, 1654. Samuel and Sarah Woodward sell to William Edwards, cooper,
all their interest in a third part of 1000 acres purchased of Mr. Richard
Cocke and given unto the said Sarah by will of her deceased father, Mr.
Robert Hallom, vidzt. that part lying next to the land downwards, which was
purchased by the said Edwards of our brother [i.e., Sarah's brother-in-law],
John Grundy. Signed by Samuel Woodward and Sarah Woodward. Witnessed by
Daniel Llewellyn and Margaret Llewellyn. Acknowledged by Daniel Llewellyn
for Samuel and Sarah Woodward on May 1, 1665. William Edwards conveys the
above to Mr. John Beauchamp and Mr. James Crewes on June 3, 1661. Signed
William Edwards. [If Margaret Llewellyn married James Crewes, she must have
done so after the date of this deed.] [Note the following additional
reference to John Beauchamp: "Some Englishmen ... were honorable in their
treatment of their charges: in 1660 John Beauchamp got permission from the
Assembly to take "his Indian boy" to England, after already getting the
approval of the boy's parents." (Rountree, "Pocahontas' People," p. 138)]
(Charles City County, Virginia, Order Book, p. 275)

March 6, 1654/5. ACT II. For better securing the peace of English and
Indians, be it enacted, that no Indian or Indians coming within our lands or
bounds shall be killed unless they, the said Indians, shall be taken in any
act or acts of mischief. and be it further enacted that no person or
persons shall entertain or receive any Indians without leave first obtained
from the county court where such occasion shall be offered, or at leastwise
from two commissioners whereof one shall be of the quorum. and that all
Indian children by leave of their parents shall be taken as servants for
such a term as shall be agreed on by the said parent and master as
aforesaid, provided that due respect and care be had that they, the said
Indian servants, be educated and brought up in the Christian religion, and
the covenants for such service or services to be confirmed before two
justices of the peace as aforesaid. (William Walter Hening, "The Statutes
at Large, being a collection of all the Laws of Virginia from the First
Session of the Legislature in the Year 1619," (Charlottesville: Published
for the Jamestown Foundation of the Commonwealth of Virginia by the
University Press of Virginia, 1969) vol. i, p. 410)

December 17, 1655. The whole difference between Capt. David Peibils and
James Crewes is referred to the award and final determination of Col. Edward
Hill, Esq., Capt. Henry Perry, Esq., Mr. Thomas Drewe, and Mr. Anthony
Wyatt, or an umpire by them or the major part of them elected, and to be
done the 20th day of January next. (Charles City County, Virginia, Order
Book, p. 25) [James Crewes was a merchant who traded between Native
Americans, Virginia colonists, and the markets of London.]

March 10, 1655/6. ACT I. Whereas we have been often put into great dangers
by the invasions of our neighboring and bordering Indians, which humanely
have been only caused by these two particulars, our extreme pressures on
them and their wanting something to hazard and loose beside their lives,
therefore this Grand Assembly on mature advice doth make these three ensuing
acts, which by the blessing of God may prevent our dangers for the future
and be a sensible benefit to the whole country for the present. First, for
every eight wolves' heads brought in by the Indians, the King or Great Man
(as they call him) shall have a cow delivered him at the charge of the
public, this will be a step to civilizing them and to making them
Christians, besides it will certainly make the commanding Indians watch over
their own men that they do us no injuries, knowing that by their default
they may be in danger of losing their estates, therefore be it enacted as
aforesaid only with this exception, that Accomack shall pay for no more than
what are killed in their own county. Second, if the Indians shall bring in
any children as gages of their good and quiet intentions to us and amity
with us, then the parents of such children shall choose the persons to whom
the care of such children shall be entrusted and the country by us their
representatives do engage that we will not use them as slaves, but do their
best to bring them up in Christianity, civility, and the knowledge of
necessary trades. and on the report of the commissioners of each respective
county that those under whose tuition they are do really intend the
bettering of the children in these particulars then a salary shall be
allowed to such men as shall deserve and require it. What lands the Indians
shall be possessed of by order of this or other ensuing Assemblies, such
land shall not be alienable by them the Indians to any man de futuro, for
this will put us to a continual necessity of allotting them new lands and
possessions and they will be always in fear of what they hold not being able
to distinguish between our desires to buy or enforcement to have, in case
their grants and sales be desired. Therefore, be it enacted that for the
future no such alienations or bargains and sales be valid without the assent
of the Assembly. This act not to prejudice any Christian who hath land
already granted by patent. (Hening, "The Statutes at Large," vol. i, pp.
393-396)

April 21, 1656. In view of differences, Capt. David Peibils is ordered to
pay James Crewes 2640 lbs of tobacco and that said Crewes give account to
the said Capt. Peibils of three hogsheads of tobacco consigned and entrusted
into London to be sold for him. (Charles City County, Virginia, Order Book,
p. 49)

June 3, 1656. At a court at Westover, William Short confesseth judgment to
James Crewes, merchant, for 704 pounds of good merchantable tobacco and
cask, and thirty-one good large beaver skins in season to be paid him or his
assigns the 10th day of November next also execution and costs.
Satisfaction acknowledged by Mr. Crewes in court October 3, 1659. (Charles
City County, Virginia, Order Book, p. 54)

June 25, 1656. Capt. David Peibils is ordered to pay James Crewes 356 lbs
of tobacco for 8 bushels of salt now due. Order that all differences be
settled between Mr. James Crewes and Capt. David Peibils by December 10.
Capt. Henry Perry security for Peibils. (Charles City County, Virginia,
Order Book, p. 59)

July 12, 1656. Bond of 20,000 lbs of tobacco to abide my settlement of
differences between Peibils and Crewes, by Capt. Henry Perry and Mr. Anthony
Wyatt. Signed by David Peibils and James Crewes. Witnessed by John White
and Patrick Jackson. (Charles City County, Virginia, Order Book, p. 60)

October 27, 1656. At a court at Westover, Lt. John Banister is allowed to
have an Indian in his service. Also, Capt. Daniel Llewellyn, the same.
Also, Maj. Abraham Wood, two Indians. Also, Capt. Robert Wynn, an Indian.
(Charles City County, Virginia, Order Book, p. 72)

December 1, 1656. Governor Sir William Berkeley ruled against James Crewes
in a petition brought by James Crewes against Capt. David Peibils, calling
the petition "malicious and scandalous." Although the details of the
petition by James Crewes are not included in this record, from the
governor's ruling it appears that James Crewes had charged Peibils with
taking something belonging to James Crewes, tearing a book, disposing of
something belonging to James Crewes, and "stabs and blows." The governor
ruled that the items in question had belonged to Peibils so Peibils could
disposed of them as he wished and the "stabs and blows" had been provoked by
James Crewes. The governor also ruled that James Crewes "ought to be made
Example for such foul Base and unworthy Defamations against Capt.
Peibils--by paying Costs of Suit and a fine to Capt. Peibils for two
Thousand pounds of Tobacco ..." ("The Virginia Magazine of History and
Biography," (Richmond, VA: The Virginia Historical Society, 1909) vol. xvii,
pp. 128-129) [A footnote in "The Virginia Magazine of History and
Biography" suggests that Berkeley's judgment may have encouraged James
Crewes to oppose the governor during Bacon's Rebellion.]

December 3, 1658. At a court at Merchant's Hope, James Crewes, attorney of
Capt. Daniel Llewellyn, is ordered to pay Mr. Charles Sparrow 420 pounds of
tobacco recovered by the former, ordered for non-appearance of Elias Webb,
with costs and interest excluded. (Charles City County, Virginia, Order
Book, p. 164)

September 14, 1661. At a court held at Westover, licenses to keep Indians
were revoked. Mr. John Drayton and Mr. James Crewes each is permitted to
keep an Indian. (Charles City County, Virginia, Order Book, p. 295) [These
entries suggest that the government decided to reissue licenses; so, it
revoked existing licenses, then renewed the licenses of Drayton and Crewes.
According to his estate inventory, James Crewes was keeping at least two
Native Americans at the time of his death--an unnamed boy and a man named
Tero.]

May 1, 1662. Will of John Rowen. To nephew John Rowen, son of my brother,
Henry Rowen, a cow. To brother Henry, items, and brother to have the
bringing up of the two sons of John Price, deceased, and the managing of
their estate. To the two orphans, Daniel and John Price, items. To Giles
Carter a cow and gift of a house and land on this plantation for one year,
and then to my brother Henry. All the rest to my son Henry, and I desire
that he be brought up in the knowledge of letters by my brother-in-law
Richard Ingram, whom I appoint to take the trouble upon him as guardian and
joint administrator to this estate with Francis Dancy. Said child to be in
the care of Richard Ingram and his wife and they to dispose of timber and
cattle as to be most advantageous to said child. I give to Mr. James and
wife a choice of a yoke of oxen. Witnessed by: Richard Parker, William
Fisher, and Margaret Crewes. (Henrico County, Virginia, Records, p. 15)

October 22, 1663. Thomas Mudgett sells George Archer 125 acres, part of
land formerly belonging to Edward Dunston and now in possession of Thomas
Webster, being in Henrico County adjacent to land of George Archer upon
Appomattox River. Signed Thomas Mudgett. Witnessed by James Crewes,
Charles Osborne and Daniel Llewellyn. Testator, Howell Price. Recorded
October 24, 1663. (Charles City County, Virginia, Order Book, p. 410)

February 6, 1663/4. Will of Daniel Llewellyn of Chelmsford, Essex, planter.
Lands, tenements, hereditaments in Charles County in upper part of James
River, in Virginia, to wife Ann for life, then to son, Daniel Llewellyn.
Ditto as to goods, but to daughter, Martha Jones, his sister, two seasoned
servants. Also to son Daniel Llewellyn best suit, cloak, coat and hat,
second best hat with silver hatband, all linen, and my seal skin trunk. To
friend Mary Elsing of Chelmsford, spinster, for care, one of best white rugs
and my new piece of Dowlas, saving sufficient for a winding sheet to bury
me. To Mary Deerington of Chelmsford, widow, one of worst white rugs. To
daughter Margaret Cruse 40 shilling for ring and to her husband ditto. To
son-in-law Robert Hallom ditto. To Mr. Christopher Saltier, living in Wine
Court without Bishopgate, and Ann his wife, 10 shilling each for gloves.
Goods sent over this spring and summer to be sold for debts due. Rest to
son Daniel. Executors: Thomas Vervell of Roxwell, Essex, Gent., James
Jauncey of Cateaton Street, London, merchant, Giles Sussex of Thames Street,
London, hotpresser, and Mr. William Walker of Colchester, Essex, shopkeeper.
To be buried in parish church of Chelmsford near the reading desk, and
friend Dr. John Michelson to preach. Witnesses: Robert Lloyd, Tim Code,
Sr., scrivener. ("Virginia Magazine of History and Biography," vol. xiii,
pp. 53, 54)

September 17, 1668. Will of John Beauchamp of Saint Giles without
Cripplegate, London, merchant. To friend Gilbert Platt, my three brothers
and sister and her husband, my uncle Mr. james Jauncy, and Samuel Fisher,
and Mr. Jennings, and John Taylor and his wife, mourning rings, and ditto to
Mr. William Fisher in Virginia, and ditto also to friends Mr. Thomas Walton,
Mr. Crewes, Colonel Stagge, and Mr. George Jordan. Rest of estate, goods,
lands, in Virginia and England in four parts, three parts to brother Richard
and Abel Beauchamp and sister Mary Sampson, wife of John Sampson, and of
other part L100 to uncle Mr. James Jauncy, and residue to brother William
Beauchamp, and said brother William in regard to being named as an executor,
not to take advantage of satisfying himself before brother Richard and Abel
and sister Mary. Executors: Uncle Mr. James Jauncy and brother William
Beauchamp. Signed November 30, 1668. Witnesses: Vincent Phillips,
Elizabeth Proudman, wid, and Thomas Pounsett, scrivener. (Virginia
Gleenings in England, Hene, 152)

April 22, 1670. Capt. James Crewes, being arrested to the court by the
sheriff of Henrico County at the suit of Mr. John Pleasants, attorney of Mr.
James Jauncey and Mr. William Beauchamp, executors of Mr. John Beauchamp,
deceased, ... not appearing and Mr. William Fisher being returned security,
judgment granted the said Pleasants as attorney aforesaid against the said
Fisher for what he shall make appear due unless he cause the appearance of
the said Crewes at next court according to act. (H. R. McIlwaine, editor,
"Minutes of the Council and General court of Colonial Virginia," (Richmond:
Virginia State Library, 1979), pp. 214, 215)

September 21, 1671. In the difference between Capt. Crewes, plaintiff, and
Mr. John Pleasants, attorney of Mr. James Jauncey, executor of Mr. John
Beauchamp, deceased, about a former audit and order of Henrico Court, it is
ordered by consent of plaintiff and defendant, that Mr. Randall, Maj.
Farrow, Col. Thomas Ligon, with addition of Mr. James Mynns in the room of
Mr. George Harris for a final end and determination thereof upon sufficient
notice given them audit and state the accounts and all differences between
them and their award to be a final end of the said difference. (McIlwaine,
p. 265)

March 6, 1674/5. The difference between Joseph Eyre and Margaret, his wife,
plaintiffs, and Capt. William Bird, Mr. James Crewes, Capt. Herbert Farrell
and Mr. Thomas Grendon, defendants, is referred till the third day of the
next June general court. (McIlwaine, p. 408)

June 5-25, 1676. Members of the Virginia House of Burgess. Speaker: Thomas
Godwin; Clerk: James Minge. Charles City: Edward Hill; Henrico: Nathaniel
Bacon, Jr. and James Crewes; James City: Richard Lawrence; Lancaster: John
Carter and Thomas Haynes; Nancemond: Thomas Godwin; Lower Norfolk: Arthur
Moseley and Richard Church; Northumberland: William Presley and Isaac
Allerton; Stafford: Thomas Mathew and George Mason; Surry: Robert Canfield
and Francis Mason; Westmoreland: John Washington. (Cynthia Miller Leonard,
compiler, "The General Assembly of Virginia: July 30, 1619-January 11,
1978," (Richmond: The Virginia State Library, 1978), p. 41)

July 23, 1676. In the name of God, Amen, I James Crewes of Turkey Island,
planter in Henrico County, being of sound and perfect memory, praised be
God, do make and ordain this my last will and testament in manner and form
following:
First, and principle, I commit my soul into the hands of Almighty God, my
Creator, hoping and also believing through the merits, death, and passion of
Jesus Christ, my Savior and Redeemer, to have and obtain free, full,
remission and pardon for all my sins.
As touching any and all my worldly estate, either here in Virginia, in
England, or elsewhere due either by bill, bond, or arrest:
Imprimis Item. I give and bequeath unto Mary Carter, daughter to Giles
Carter, ten thousand pounds of tobacco and cask, one feather bed, two
blankets, and one good rug, this to be paid in three years after my decease,
the interest hereof to be towards her clothing. [A wooden tobacco cask,
also called a hogshead, measures 48 inches in length and diameter and holds
about 1000 pounds of tobacco. In 1676, ten thousand pounds of tobacco
purchased a fully furnished home in Colonial Virginia.]
Item. I give unto Susan Carter ten thousand pounds of tobacco and cask, one
feather bed, two blankets, and one rug, to be paid as abovesaid.
Item. I give unto my man Tero his freedom, he serving three years after my
decease and at the expiration of the said time, I give unto him one cow, one
sow, if I have any left, and as much land as he shall tend for him and
another during life.
Item. I give unto Hannah Carter, wife to Giles Carter, my Negro maid Keate
forever and her increase.
Item. I give unto Daniel Price my best suit and coat and hat. [Daniel
Price was a stepnephew of Margaret Llewellyn. So, if Margaret married James
Crewes, her relationship to Daniel Price would explain why James Crewes
named Daniel Price in his will.]
Item. I give unto Giles Carter what he owes me by bill or book; and further
the plantation, which I have formerly lett him, that he, his wife Hannah
Carter shall have it during both their lives rent free, only paying one
grain of Indian corn when demanded [Note that James Crewes willed the
plantation to both Giles and Hannah. Hannah's inclusion as joint recipient
of the land, considered in the context of an era of limited female property
rights, supports the conclusion that Hannah was the daughter of James
Crewes.]; and further it is my will that what I have given to the said Giles
Carter's children that if either of them should die that it should come to
the rest of his children; it is further my will that when the said Hannah
Carter, wife to the said Giles Carter shall die, then the said Negro wench
return to Theodorick Carter, her son, and if she [Keate] hath any children
they to be at her [Hannah's] disposing who she will give them to.
Item. I make my loving cousin Mr. Mathew Crewes my sole executor of all my
lands here in Virginia or elsewhere and all the rest of my estate to him or
his heirs forever, my just debts being paid.
Item. It is my desire that my loving friend Giles Carter should live here
in my said house and command my servants and make crops or any other thing
as shall be convenient and necessary for the said plantation, and so to give
an account yearly if my said executor shall order.
James Crewes. Test: Thomas Forehand and Dermot Enroughty.
Probated in Henrico County Court to be the last will and testament of Capt.
James Crewes (deceased) by the witnesses to the same as by their depositions
taken the 10th of December 1677 (in case of mortality) will appear certified
and entered amongst the records of the said court this 2nd day of August
1680. H. Davis, Esq. (Henrico County, Virginia, Records, p. 139) [When
James Crewes wrote his will, he was a leader in Bacon's Rebellion and must
have known his life was in danger. Although he did not state his
relationship with the Carters, he provided for them in a manner
traditionally reserved for children and grandchildren. This will is one
piece of the whole body of evidence, which points to an unconventional
father-daughter relationship between James Crewes and Hannah.]

January 20, 1676/7. At a Court Marshall held at the house of James Bray,
Esq., present, the right honorable Sir William Berkeley, Knt., governor and
captain general of Virginia; Col. Nathaniel Bacon; Col. Phillip Ludwell;
Col. Thomas Ballard; Col. Charles Moryson; Lt. Col. John West; Lt. Col.
Edward Ramsey; Lt. Col. Hill; Maj. Page. William Drummond, being accused of
treason and rebellion against his Majesty, which appearing by divers oaths
and his own confession, sentence of death therefore past against the said
Drummond to be hanged by the neck until he be dead. The same accusation
against John Baptista, and sentence past accordingly upon the said Baptista.
(Hening, "The Statutes at Large," vol. ii, p. 547)

January 24, 1676/7. At a Court Marshall held at Green Spring, present, Sir
William Berkeley, Knt., governor and captain general of Virginia; Col.
Nathaniel Bacon; Col. Phillip Ludwell; Col. Thomas Ballard; Col. Charles
Moryson; Lt. Col. John West; Lt. Col. Edward Ramsey; Lt. Col. Hill; Maj.
Page. James Crewes being brought before the court for treason and rebellion
against his most sacred Majesty, and pleading nothing in his defense, and
the court being very sensible that the said Crewes was a most notorious
actor, aidor, and assistor in the rebellion; therefore the court is
unanimously of opinion and does adjudge him guilty of the accusation.
Sentence of death therefore past upon him, to return to the prison from
whence he came, and from thence (on Friday next [which was January 28,
1676/7]) to be carried to the gallows, there to be hanged by the neck until
he be dead. The same accusation against William Cookson, and sentence of
death accordingly past upon him. The same accusation against John Digby,
and sentence of death accordingly past upon him. The same accusation
against William Rookings, and sentence of death accordingly past upon him.
The same accusation against William West, and sentence of death accordingly
past upon him. The same accusation against John Turner, and sentence of
death accordingly past upon him. Henry West being found guilty of treason
and rebellion against his Majesty; but for that he hath not been so
notorious as the rest, the court have thought fit (out of the compassion
they have), and do accordingly order, that he be banished out of the country
for the space of seven years, either to England, Barbados, Jamaica, or any
of the islands, and if he return within the said time limit, then to suffer
the rigor of the law for his treason and rebellion. and the court doth
adjudge his estate to be forfeited to his Majesty, except five pound, which
is allowed him to pay his passage. (Hening, "The Statutes at Large," vol.
ii, p. 547)

May 8, 1677. An account of the estate of Capt. James Crewes taken at the
(?) by the information of those that lived in his house and the (?) knowing
and rational of his neighbors. He was executed by martial law near James
City.
Store goods or merchant's goods for sale:
41 lbs 1/2 broad fine dowlas.
52 lbs of narrow dowlas.
9 lbs more of broad dowlas.
13 lbs 3/4 of new canvas.
10 pair of boys stockings.
5 pair mens worsted stockings.
5 pair of mens yarn ditto.
16 lbs of Holland (?).
14 lbs 1/2 (?) (?) 14 pair.
8 pair gray (?).
7 lbs 1/2 of thread white and brown.
1 (?) or (?) of (?) ribbon.
12 pair plain shoes.
1 pair French (?).
2 bushels of salt.
3 pair of girl stockings.
4 quarts of pepper.
2 pair wollen stockings.
1 (?) of 8 lbs nails which commonly contains 12 thousand.
(This parcel of goods was taken away by Col. Edward Hill as his fair (?)
power from Sir William Berkeley.)
In the Hall:
1 featherbed (?) 1 (?) rug and bedstead.
6 old (?) (?).
2 brass candlesticks.
1 pair of andirons and four (?) lumber.
In the Whit Chamber:
1 good featherbed (?) 1 red blanket (?) (?) and bedstead.
3 bowls of shelled corn (?) (?) for the family.
7 bushels of wheat.
1 red (?) cloth blanket.
12 (?).
6 (?) bows.
1 new large chest.
6 new large blankets.
3 pair Irish (?).
1 pair mens yarn stockings.
1 coarse black batt.
1 very good English squire bedstead colored and sized with good (?) and red
(?) (?) with a large featherbed and red worsted rug.
1 (?) doublet.
1 wainscot cupboard.
6 leather chairs old.
2 great chests with their goods.
1 new broadcloth suit and coat.
1 large waistcoat lined.
1 old cloth doublet and britches.
1 pair (?) britches.
1 pair cloth britches.
1 pair of white drawers and waistcoat.
2 (?) (?).
1000 great and small pins.
1 good white silk (?).
1 dowlas shirt.
8 dozen coat (?) buttons.
1 small Latin Bible.
1 small Bible which was brought down having (?) to swear some people (?) (?)
(?).
In the Parlor Chamber:
1 featherbed, rug, and bedstead.
1 quilted chair.
1 low chair.
1 featherbed more large and a good red rug.
Goods in the Hands of Mr. Daniel Clark:
1 roll of red (?) (?) (?) (?) which is commonly 45 yards.
150 yards of brown fustian.
2 pair of childrens (?).
50 yards of (?).
3 old books, 2 remnants of black ribbon.
1 large thin board.
2 lesser black boards.
Linens:
4 pair coarse (?) sheets.
1 pair (?) sheets.
4 yellow (?).
1 pair dowlas napkins and towels.
1 dowlas shirt.
1 diaper tub cloth.
In the Kitchen Loft:
1 large parcel of salt (?) by (?) at 30 bushels at least, but if Mr. Clerk
disposes of it his attorney will (?) the due quantity.
2 bushels of salt in the hands of Mr. Richard Cocke, now in the hands of Mr.
William Randolph.
In the Kitchen:
2 good brass skillets.
2 iron pots (?) and hooks.
1 iron (?) pan.
2 brass kettles about 150 gallons apiece.
2 frying pans.
(?) plates.
8 old plates.
5 good deep pewter dishes.
1 old dish.
2 basons, 1 salt cellar.
3 chamberpots.
1 spitt and 3 sifters.
Plates:
6 silver spoons.
2 (?).
1 small tankard.
1 silver cup.
Without Doors:
1 cart and wheels.
2 yokes fitted.
2 (?) (?).
1 fishing saine at Mr. Birds.
1 good large featherbed at Giles Carter's.
Crops:
6,600 lbs of (?) tobacco and casks (?) by Major William White by order from
Sir William Berkeley.
800 lbs tobacco for an Indian boy given to Major White by Sir William
Berkeley and sold by Major White for (?) sum to Mr. Richard Cocke (?) (?).
(Total 7,400)
1 featherbed at Mr. William Randolph's.
11 cows and heifers that give milk.
5 draught oxen.
6 steers from 4 years old and from 3 years old.
1 bull 5 years old.
1 young calf.
(24 head in all.)
Swine:
2 old sows.
11 shoats of sundry ages.
(13 head.)
Servants:
1 Negro man about 20 years old.
1 Negro woman about 16 years old.
1 English maid named Mary Stringer 2 years to serve.
1 good Indian man named Turoo: sold by Sir William Berkeley to Major William
White for 2000 lbs.
1 sable horse taken when James Crews was taken and given to Col. William
Farrar by Sir William Berkeley.
A (?) book debts listed 1674 and (?) (?).
Total bill William Hobson's account
.............................................................88 lbs tobacco.
Total bill of John
Vast........................................................................
........144.
Total bill of Thomas
Harris......................................................................
...137.
Total bill of Richard
Cocke.......................................................................
..250.
Total bill of Richard
Marshall....................................................................
..266.
Total bill of Mr. Byers
account....................................................................4
21.
Total bill of John Woodson's
account............................................................60.
Total bill of James Marsh's
account.............................................................305.
Total bill of Giles
Carter......................................................................
........394.
Due from Dan Parsley his own
(?)..............................................................1300.
Total bill of Morris
George......................................................................
....660.
Total Peter Burrows
account.....................................................................
....80.
Total Thomas Forshand's
account.................................................................732.
Total Joseph (?)
account.....................................................................
..........817.
Total Mr.
Pleasants...................................................................
.....................50.
Mr. John Pleasants by a note found in the hands of Mr. (?) seeming to
owe...400.
Total by bill (?) (?) by a sealed
bill...........................................................7..17..4.
(?) (?) bill (?) a
blanket.....................................................................
.............603.
Mr. (?)
bill........................................................................
..............................27.
Mr. Shull and Aust
bill........................................................................
..........322.
Total John
Austman.....................................................................
.................240.
Total Robert
(?).........................................................................
...................200.
Total Lodowick
(?).........................................................................
..............300.
Total will (?) (?) (?)
sum.........................................................................
.....1592.
Sum of
Accounts....................................................................
.....................6004.
Mr. Crews' Real Estate:
A very good plantation with a (?) dwelling house with brick chimneys 4 fires
and (?) with brick chimneys. and other housing a large and good orchard.
The seat 6,141 acres of land.
The estate of Capt. James Crewes is in the possession of Daniel Clerk of
Charles City County, by the grant of Sir William Berkeley. (Henrico County,
Virginia, Records, pp. 225-227)

September 26, 1677. John Savile of St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, Middlesex,
weaver, age 72, and Roger Hunt of St. Ethelburga's within Bishopsgate,
London, citizen and merchant taylor, age 61, depose at the request of Mathew
Crewes of London, citizen and leatherseller, that they know the requestant's
son and heir to have been Francis Crewes, deceased, late of (name altered
and now illegible), Middlesex, silkman, citizen, and grocer of London, who
was the brother of Colonel James Crewes, deceased, late of Virginia. (Peter
Wilson Coldham, "Lord Mayor's Court of London Depositions Relating to
Americans: 1641-1736," Washington, DC: National Genealogical Society, 1980,
p. 18)

September 27, 1677. Arthur Miles of London, scrivener, age 53, and Giles
Sussex of London, citizen and gardener, age 52, depose at the request of
Sarah Whittingham, alias Crewes, only surviving daughter of Edward Crewes,
deceased, formerly of London, merchant, and administrator to Colonel James
Crewes, late of Virginia, merchant, that they have known the requestant from
her infancy. Her father Edward Crewes was the elder brother of Francis
Crewes and Colonel James Crewes. The certificate, now produced, of the ages
of Edward, Francis, and James Crewes is taken from the Register of St.
Pancras, Soper Lane, London. (Peter Wilson Coldham, "Lord Mayor's Court of
London Depositions Relating to Americans: 1641-1736," Washington, DC:
National Genealogical Society, 1980, p. 18)

December 10, 1677. Thomas Forehand and Dermot Enroughty depose that the
will exhibited in court by Giles Carter is the same of Capt. James Crewes,
deceased, that they were witness to. (Henrico County, Virginia, Wills and
Administrations, part i, p. 1) [Giles Carter's possession and exhibition of
the will--traditional responsibilities of the next-of-kin--indicate a unique
relationship between James Crewes and the Carters. This record strengthens
the case that Hannah was James Crewes' daughter.]

December 21, 1680. To all to whom these presents shall come greeting,
Whereas Capt. James Crewes, late of this County of Henrico, died possessed
of a considerable estate here in Virginia, and left no widow or lawful
child; and whereas Mr. William Sherwood, attorney of Rowland Place, Esq.
attorney of Matthew Crewes, Gent., nephew of the aforesaid deceased James
Crewes and son of Francis Crewes one of the brothers of the said deceased;
and Lt. Col. Thomas Grendon, as attorney of Sarah Whittingham (alias Crewes)
niece of the said deceased James Crewes and sole daughter of Edward Crewes,
elder brother of the said deceased; did at a court holden at Varina in the
county aforesaid, the first of December 1680, make humble suite to the board
that commission of administration might be jointly granted unto them
(qualified as aforesaid) by virtue of the equal nearness of blood of the
said Matthew and Sarah to their said deceased James Crewes; and whereas
there is a clause in an Act of Assembly made at Green Spring the (?) day of
February 1676/7, which empowers any two justices of the quorum in their
respective counties to sign probates and letters of administration; by
virtue whereof for the causes aforesaid we, John Farrar and Richard Cocke,
Sr., Gent., two of his Majesty's justices of the peace for the county
aforesaid, do give and grant unto the said Mr. William Sherwood and Lt. Col.
Thomas Grendon joint administration of all and singular the deceased
personal estate of what nature or quantity soever; and likewise do order and
appoint the said Mr. William Sherwood and Lt. Col. Thomas Grendon to give in
and present a true and perfect inventory of the said estate to the justices
of the said county at the next court there held upon oath taken by two
sufficient men, and likewise to pay what debts shall appear to be owing from
the said estate (?) account of the surplus age/after such debts paid to
deliver when thereunto lawfully called; given under our hands this 21st day
of December 1680. John Farrar and Richard Cocke, Sr. Recorded by William
Randolph, Gent. (Henrico County, Virginia, Records, p. 165?) [The
attorney's inclusion of the word "lawful" in the phrase "left no widow or
lawful child," implies that James Crewes left an "unlawful" child--one who
was born outside of wedlock. This circumstance agrees with the relationship
between James Crewes and Hannah, which is implied by James Crewes' will.]

February 2, 1680/1. We, Thomas Grendon, attorney of Sarah Whittingham,
niece of James Crewes, deceased, and William Sherwood, attorney of Matthew
Crewes, nephew of said Crewes, administrators of the estate, appoint William
Randolph of Henrico to be their attorney to handle the estate. (Henrico
County, Virginia, Records, p. 169)

March 24, 1680/81. An inventory and appraisement of the goods, chattels,
and estate of Capt. James Crewes, deceased, taken and appraised by us the
subscribers this 24th day of March 1680/81.
One small very old feather bed and an old trading cloth blanket.350.
One old tenant
sein.....................................................................30.
One pair of new white
blankets.................................................100.
Fifteen pounds of new
feathers..................................................150.
Old plate, vizt. two porringers, six spoons, one small Tankerd
with a lid, one (?) (?) 44
(?)........................................11L: 0s: 0d.
One Negro man (named
Mingo)..............................................4000.
Four cows, four small burros, two small boars..........................900.
Three cows, two 3 year old horses, two 2 year old horses, four
yearling (?), one small bull 4 years
old..................................3100.
One large feather bed, cotton rug and blanket old......................900.
One new bed like about half full of feathers and one old rug
dark
flour.......................................................................
........700.
One old feather bed, rug cotton, and
pillow...............................800.
One very old bed and fishing worth
(?)......................................500.
Fourteen dowlas napkins and towels
(?)....................................100.
Four pillow (?)
(?).......................................................................50
.
One very old (?)
cloth.................................................................10.
One old white (?) Holland waistcoat, one (?) waistcoat, one pair
of shift
hooks.......................................................................
..200.
One bunch
gallsand....................................................................
.70.
One new broad cloth (?) and
coat..............................................550.
One pair of chambers, sheets, and dowlas, (?) one pair of (?)
all very
old.........................................................................
......80.
Thee (?) Holland
sheets.............................................................270.
Two pair of (?) Holland
sheets...................................................300.
One very old cloth (?) and
(?)......................................................40.
Six new plates
pewter.................................................................72.
Two brass (?) forks old
..............................................................30.
Two old pewter chamber pots and one old salt............................30.
Twenty-seven pound of old
pewter............................................185.
One large chest and one small (?)
old.........................................200.
Two iron pots (?) 114 (?) 2
(?)...................................................228.
One pair of iron
(?)......................................................................10.
One old warming
pan...................................................................20.
One Negro woman named Keate and one sucking child............4000.
One little (?) table very
old.........................................................100.
Five very old leather
chairs........................................................100.
One old bedstead, boards, and
baillins........................................120.
One very old
(?).........................................................................
.30.
One old
cupboard....................................................................
....15.
Five very old books, one cabinet without a key, and a little old
looking glass and old
lumber...................................................100.
One
chest.......................................................................
.............80.
One large
chest.......................................................................
...120.
Two pair of pot forks, one pair of pot hooks, one frying pan,
one brass chaffing dish all old and one
(?)...............................180.
One old broken
still.....................................................................50
.
Two (?) chains and yokes, and
(?)..............................................160.
One pair of
andirons..................................................................16
0.
One pair of fire
tongs..................................................................20.
One
chest.......................................................................
...........100.
Two old
bedsteads...................................................................
..150.
Total.......................................................................
.............19,500 pound tobacco and 11L.
Taken by us this 24th of March 1680/1, John Woodson, Ben Hatcher, Samuel
Knibbe. Sworn before me, Richard Cocke, Sr. (Henrico County, Virginia,
Records, p. 170)

August 24, 1684. William Randolph, of Varina Parish, Henrico County, Gent.,
from Giles Carter and Hannah x, his wife, of Parish and county aforesaid, 20
pound sterling for 60 acres, which was by the last will and testament of
Capt. James Crewes given unto said Giles and Hannah Carter, being part of ye
dividend of land or plantation at Turkey Island of which said Crewes died
seized, which tract of land or plantation is since purchased by said William
Randolph of ye heir and executor of said Crewes, deceased, as by conveyance.
Recorded April 1, 1685. (Valentine Papers, vol. iii, Randolph Family, p.
1392) [This deed confirms that James Crewes gave the plantation to both
Giles and Hannah. Hannah's inclusion as joint recipient of the land,
considered in the context of an era of limited female property rights,
supports the conclusion that Hannah was the daughter of James Crewes.]

August 25, 1684. William Whittingham, of London, Gent, and Sarah, his wife,
niece of James Crewes, hereafter mentioned, and Matthew Crewes, citizen and
haberdasher of London, heirs and executors of James Crewes, late of Henrico
County in Virginia, aforesaid, Gent., for 75 pound of lawful money of
England, convey 500 acres known and commonly called by the name of Turkey
Island or Turkey Island plantation in Henrico County, Virginia, and all
other messages, lands, tenements, whatsoever of them of the said Whittingham
and wife and Matthew Crewes, in said county of Henrico, whereof said James
Crewes died possessed. Recorded in Henrico County, Virginia, April 1, 1685.
(Henrico County, Virginia, Records, p. 302)

June 1, 1692. Capt. William Randolph did exhibit in court a conveyance for
500 acres of land lying at Turkey Island in this county of Henrico to
himself, his heirs and assigns from William Whittingham, Sarah Whittingham,
and Matthew Crewes, dated ye 25th of August 1684 and entered in ye records
of this county April 1, 1685, which said conveyance was witnessed (amongst
others) per Capt. John Wynn, and the said John Wynn being now present in
court and viewing ye same did on his oath declare the said conveyance to be
signed, sealed, and held as their act and deed by ye subscribed William
Whittingham, Sarah Whittingham, and Matthew Crewes, parties to ye same.
(Henrico County, Virginia, Records, p. ?)

December 14, 1699. In the name of God, Amen, I Giles Carter, Sr., being of
a weak and infirmed body, yet (blessed by God) of a sound and perfect
memory, and considering the frailty and uncertainty of man's life, and not
knowing the time of my departure of life; I do make, constitute, and appoint
this my last will and testament hereby revoking all other wills by me
heretofore made whatsoever.
Imprimis, I commend my soul into the hands of my Blessed Redeemer Jesus
Christ, relying only upon his merits for salvation. My body I commit to the
earth to be decently therein interred. and for what worldly goods and
possessions God hath bestowed upon me, it is my will and desire they may be
disposed of in form and manner following:
I give and bequeath to my son Theodorick Carter five shilling sterling to be
paid by my dear wife Hannah either in silver or to the full value thereof as
to her shall seem most convenient.
Item. I give to my daughter Susanna, now wife of Thomas Williamson, five
shilling sterling to be paid as above said.
Item. I give and bequeath to my daughter Mary, now wife of Thomas Davis,
five shilling sterling to be paid as above said.
Item. I give to my daughter Ann, now the wife of James Davis, one feather
bed and bolster, one rug, one blanket, and one cow.
Item. I give to my son Giles one mare called Nanny with her increase
forever, it being a mare formerly given to him by William Sewell, she then
being but a filly.
These legatees being paid and also any debts however shall be lawfully by me
indebted being fully satisfied, it is my will and desire that what of my
estate shall remain (one feather bed and furniture only excepted for my wife
Hannah which I give unto her), may be equally divided to five parts, the one
part whereof to belong to my wife Hannah, the other to my son Giles, it not
being my intent or design in any way to hereby disannul or make void a deed
of gift formerly by me made to my son Giles and entered upon record. But, I
do by this, my last will and testament, reaffirm and confirm the same.
Item. It is my will and design that what estate shall appertain to my son
Giles that he may retain the land where he shall arrive on by age of
eighteen years and also enjoy the benefit of his labor. My wife Hannah not
being any wise molested or disturbed upon the plantation we now live upon
during her life.
and lastly, I make constitute and appoint my dear and loving wife Hannah
full and sole executor of this my last will and testament, the which I own
to be my last, all others being hereby disannulled and made void. As
witness my hand and seal this 14th day of December 1699.
Giles (seal of red wax) Carter.
Signed, sealed, and delivered in presence of us: Thomas Smythes, William
Sewell, James Davis.
Henrico County, February 2, 1701. Proved in open court by the oaths of the
subscribed witnesses to be the last will and testament of the subscribed
Giles Carter. James Cocke, County Clerk. (Henrico County, Virginia,
Records, p. 256)

February 2, 1702. Hannah Carter granted probate of the will of her husband
Giles Carter. (Henrico County, Virginia, Records, p. 279)